[ I_{SC} = \frac{V_{rated}}{Z_{transformer}} ]

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery (similar to actual work by these authors, e.g., 2010–2015) Why This Paper is “Interesting” Most textbooks teach that a transformer’s short-circuit current is simply:

(Hypothetical, based on real research themes) J. Martinez-Velasco, F. de Leon, & A. M. Mork

where ( Z = \sqrt{R^2 + X^2} ), with ( X ) dominated by leakage reactance.

Impact of Core Saturation on the Transient Short-Circuit Current of Power Transformers – A Counterintuitive Analysis